In their critique of the National Tourism Plan of Brazil, Christina Rodrigues de Melo Orpheo and Morrow Gaines Campbell III point out the lack of emphasis on community-based initiatives as an alternative model of tourism development in the country.
While the Brazilian National Tourism Policy adopted in September 2008 favours decentralization in tourism and promotes community involvement, the National Tourism Plan, which serves to implement the policy, does not include tangible measures for increased community participation. Neither does the National Tourism Council include community representatives. The authors suggest various measures to address these shortfalls and to facilitate more meaningful community involvement in tourism in Brazil.